Soil types and distributionSoil is the uppermost layer of Earth's crust, supporting plant growth and containing organic and inorganic materials.The study of soil is known as pedology.Soil formation is influenced by factors…
BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth, including genes, species, and ecosystems.It is essential for maintaining ecological balance and providing ecosystem services.…
BiomesBiomes are large geographic regions characterized by distinct climate, vegetation, and wildlife.Each biome represents a specific type of ecosystem with unique biotic and abiotic factors.The…
EcosystemsEcosystem refers to a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment.Ecosystems consist of biotic components (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic…
Oceanic pollutionOceanic pollution refers to the contamination of the ocean environment due to human and natural activities.The major sources of oceanic pollution include industrial waste, agricultural runoff, oil…
Marine resourcesMarine resources refer to the materials and energy obtained from the ocean that support human life and economic activities.They are classified into biotic resources, such as fish and seaweed, and…
Tides and wavesTides are the periodic rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun, along with Earth's rotation.The Moon plays a more significant role in causing tides than…
Ocean currentsOcean currents are large-scale movements of water within the world's oceans, driven by various forces.They play a critical role in regulating climate and distributing heat across the planet.Ocean…
Climate changeClimate change refers to significant, long-term changes in the Earth’s climate patterns.It is driven by both natural factors and human activities.Key natural factors include volcanic eruptions,…
Clouds and precipitationClouds are visible masses of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere.They form when air rises, cools, and reaches its dew point, leading to condensation.Condensation nuclei,…