- Rashtrakutas: The Rashtrakutas emerged as a powerful dynasty in the Deccan region, ruling from c. 753 to 982 CE.
- They were originally feudatories of the Chalukyas before Dantidurga established their independence.
- Their capital was at Manyakheta (modern Malkhed in Karnataka).
- Rashtrakutas were known for their patronage of art, literature, and architecture.
- The Kailasa temple at Ellora, carved out of a single rock, is a masterpiece of Rashtrakuta architecture.
- The Rashtrakutas had extensive military campaigns in North and South India, including successful raids into Kannauj.
- Their rulers like Krishna I and Amoghavarsha I were notable for administrative efficiency and cultural contributions.
- Amoghavarsha I wrote "Kavirajamarga," the earliest known Kannada literary work.
- Rashtrakutas maintained extensive trade links with the Arab world and Southeast Asia.
- Their coinage reflects a blend of indigenous and Persian influences.
- The Rashtrakutas promoted both Jainism and Hinduism, showcasing religious tolerance.
- The Rashtrakutas declined due to internal conflicts and pressure from the Cholas and other emerging powers.
- Pallavas: The Pallavas ruled primarily in the Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh regions between c. 275 and 897 CE.
- They were known for their contributions to Dravidian architecture.
- Their capital was Kanchipuram, a major center of learning and culture.
- Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) were among their most significant rulers.
- The Pallavas constructed rock-cut temples and monolithic Rathas at Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram).
- Their art and architecture influenced subsequent South Indian dynasties.
- They were patrons of Sanskrit and Tamil literature.
- The Pallavas faced constant conflict with the Chalukyas of Badami and later with the Cholas.
- The dynasty's decline began in the late 9th century, paving the way for the rise of the Cholas.
- Pallava inscriptions provide valuable historical insights into their administration and achievements.
- Their naval activities played a role in the cultural exchanges with Southeast Asia.
- Cholas: The Cholas became a dominant power in South India between c. 850 and 1279 CE.
- They initially rose to prominence under Vijayalaya Chola, who captured Tanjore.
- Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I marked the golden age of Chola rule.
- Rajaraja Chola I constructed the Brihadeeswarar Temple (Periya Kovil) at Thanjavur.
- Rajendra Chola I expanded the empire to Southeast Asia and led a naval expedition to the Srivijaya kingdom.
- The Cholas excelled in administration, introducing efficient revenue systems and local self-government through village assemblies.
- Their architecture, especially temples, is renowned for grandeur and intricacy.
- The Cholas were great patrons of Tamil literature and the arts.
- They contributed significantly to maritime trade and cultural exchange in the Indian Ocean region.
- The Chola navy was one of the strongest in the medieval world, ensuring dominance over sea trade routes.
- Bronze sculptures of the Chola period, especially the Nataraja, are considered masterpieces of Indian art.
- The dynasty's administration included a detailed system of land revenue and irrigation management.
- The Cholas also encouraged temple-based economic activities, making temples central to socio-economic life.
- The dynasty declined in the 13th century due to invasions and internal strife.
- Chola inscriptions, like the Uttaramerur inscription, provide insights into their governance and village assembly system.