British Rule and Indian Nationalism (1858–1947)

Partition of India (1947)

  1. The Partition of India in 1947 led to the creation of two independent nations: India and Pakistan.
  2. It was the result of growing communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims during British rule.
  3. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League had divergent visions for India’s future.
  4. In 1940, the Muslim League, under Muhammad Ali Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate state for Muslims.
  5. The British

Revolutionary Movements

  1. The Revolutionary Movements aimed at ending British rule through armed struggle and radical methods.
  2. These movements emerged as a response to the perceived inadequacy of moderate and non-violent methods.
  3. The Indian National Army (INA) and other underground groups became symbols of this phase of nationalism.
  4. Prominent revolutionary organizations included the Anushilan Samiti and the Ghadar Party.
  5. In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempted to assa

Gandhian Era

  1. The Gandhian Era refers to the period in Indian history dominated by Mahatma Gandhi (1915–1947).
  2. Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 and soon became a key leader in the Indian nationalist movement.
  3. He introduced the philosophy of Satyagraha, which emphasized non-violent resistance to injustice.
  4. The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) marked Gandhi’s first significant involvement in Indian politics, supporting indigo farmers against exploitation.
  5. T

Partition of Bengal (1905)

  1. The Partition of Bengal was announced on July 19, 1905, by Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India.
  2. It came into effect on October 16, 1905.
  3. The partition divided Bengal into two provinces: East Bengal and West Bengal.
  4. East Bengal included Assam and had a majority of Muslim population.
  5. West Bengal consisted of Bihar and Orissa with a majority of Hindu population.
  6. The official reason given by the B

Formation of Indian National Congress (1885)

  1. The Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in 1885 as a platform to voice Indian aspirations under British rule.
  2. It was founded by A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant, to create a dialogue between Indians and the British government.
  3. The first session of the INC was held in Bombay from December 28–31, 1885.
  4. The session was presided over by W.C.

Socio-Religious Reform Movements

  1. The socio-religious reform movements in India arose as a response to the challenges posed by British rule and modernization.
  2. The aim was to reform social practices and revive India’s cultural and religious heritage.
  3. Leaders of these movements were influenced by Western ideas of rationalism, humanism, and liberalism.
  4. The Brahmo Samaj, founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828, was a pioneer in the reform movement.
  5. Raja Ram Mohan Roy advocated for the abolitio
British Rule and Indian Nationalism (1858–1947)