Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Pros and consGenetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.GMOs are used in agriculture, medicine, and industrial processes to…
Bio-remediation and bio-energyBio-remediation is the process of using microorganisms or plants to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site.It is a cost-effective and eco-friendly method of environmental cleanup.…
Role of biotechnology in waste managementEnvironmental biotechnology uses biological systems for sustainable waste management and pollution control.It promotes the treatment and management of solid, liquid, and hazardous waste.Biotechnology…
Climax community and dynamic equilibriumA climax community represents the final and stable stage of ecological succession.It is characterized by a state of dynamic equilibrium, where the ecosystem remains relatively stable over time.The…
Primary and secondary successionEcological succession is the natural process by which ecosystems develop and change over time.It involves the gradual replacement of one biotic community by another in a particular area.Succession is…
Water cycleThe water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.It is a crucial biogeochemical cycle that sustains life…
Phosphorus cycleThe phosphorus cycle describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.Unlike other biogeochemical cycles, the phosphorus cycle does not include a significant…
Nitrogen cycleThe nitrogen cycle describes the movement of nitrogen between the atmosphere, biosphere, and geosphere.Nitrogen is an essential element for all living organisms, as it is a major component of…
Carbon cycleThe carbon cycle is a crucial biogeochemical cycle that governs the movement of carbon among the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.Carbon is an essential element found in all living…
Community ecology: Succession, interactions (predation, competition)Community ecology focuses on the interactions and relationships among different species living in a shared environment.A community is a group of different species living together and interacting…