Chemistry

1. Introduction to Enzymes

1. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
2. They are mostly proteins, except for some RNA molecules known as ribozymes.
3. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.
4. They remain unchanged after the reaction and can be used multiple times.

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1. Vitamins

1. Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for essential metabolic processes.
2. They are classified into water-soluble (Vitamin B-complex and Vitamin C) and fat-soluble (Vitamins A, D, E, and K).

Water-Soluble Vitamins

1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Helps in carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency causes beriberi.
2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Essential for energy production.

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1. Introduction to Colloids

1. A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture where one substance is dispersed in another substance.
2. The dispersed particles are between 1 and 1000 nm in size, which is larger than molecules but smaller than particles in suspensions.
3. Dispersed phase: The substance present in smaller quantity.
4. Dispersion medium: The substance in which the dispersed phase is distributed.

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1. Alcohols

1. Alcohols are organic compounds with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom.
2. Common examples: Methanol (CH₃OH), Ethanol (C₂H₅OH).
3. Uses: Methanol is used as a solvent and fuel.

1. Definition of Polymers

1. Polymers are large molecules made by repeating structural units called monomers.
2. The process of forming polymers from monomers is called polymerization.
3. Polymers can be natural (e.g., rubber, proteins) or synthetic (e.g., plastics).

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1. Introduction to Hydrocarbons

1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
2. They are classified into three main types:
   • Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds only.
   • Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds.
   • Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more triple bonds.

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1. What is Isomerism?

1. Isomerism is the phenomenon in which two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural or spatial arrangements.
2. Isomers have distinct physical and chemical properties despite having the same formula.
3. The main types of isomerism are:
   • Structural Isomerism
   • Stereoisomerism

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