1. Introduction to Budget

1. The Union Budget, also known as the Annual Financial Statement, is presented under Article 112 of the Constitution.
2. It outlines the government's estimated receipts and expenditures for a financial year (April 1 to March 31).
3. The Budget is a crucial instrument of fiscal policy.
4. Prepared by the Ministry of Finance, it is presented by the Finance Minister.

2.

1. Sessions of Parliament

1. The President of India summons and prorogues the sessions of Parliament (Article 85).
2. There are three major sessions each year: Budget Session (February to May), Monsoon Session (July to September), and Winter Session (November to December).
3. The gap between two sessions must not exceed six months.
4. The first sitting of each session includes the President's address to the joint session (Article 87).

2.

1.

Introduction

1. The Parliament of India is a bicameral legislature consisting of two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
2. It is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India.
3. Parliament operates under the framework of the Constitution of India.

1.

Introduction

1. The concept of collective responsibility and the cabinet system are key features of India's parliamentary democracy.
2. These principles ensure the unity and accountability of the executive to the legislature.

1.

Introduction

1. The Prime Minister (PM) is the head of the government in India and holds the most significant position in the country's political structure.
2. The PM is the chief advisor to the President and the leader of the Council of Ministers.

1.

Introduction

1. The Vice President of India and the Vice President of the United States are important constitutional positions in their respective countries.
2. While both roles have similarities, they differ significantly in powers, functions, and the scope of their responsibilities.

1.

Introduction

1. The Vice President is the second-highest constitutional office in India.
2. Acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
3. Plays a crucial role in the functioning of the Parliament and ensures continuity of governance.

Election of the Vice President

1. The Vice President is elected according to the provisions of Article 63 to Article 71 of the Indian Constitution.
2. Election process is conducted by the Election Commission of Ind

Introduction

1. Emergency provisions in the Indian Constitution are detailed under Part XVIII (Articles 352 to 360).
2. They empower the President to address situations threatening the unity, security, or financial stability of India.
3. Emergency provisions make the Indian Constitution both flexible and rigid, ensuring quick action during crises.
4. There are three types of emergencies:
   • National Emergency (Article 352).
   • President's Rule (Article 356).

Introduction

1. The President of India is the Head of State and the first citizen of the country.
2. The office is governed by Articles 52–62 of the Indian Constitution.
3. The President acts as the nominal executive, with real executive powers vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.

Election of the President

1. The President is elected through an indirect election by an Electoral Co