1. Introduction

1. Seed dormancy is a state in which seeds do not germinate even under favorable conditions.
2. It ensures the survival of seeds by preventing premature germination.
3. Dormancy helps seeds to remain viable during unfavorable environmental conditions.

2. Types of Seed Dormancy

1.

1. Introduction

1. Seed germination is the process by which a dormant seed develops into a seedling.
2. It is essential for the propagation and survival of plant species.
3. Dormancy is a condition where a viable seed fails to germinate even under favorable conditions.

2.

1. Introduction

1. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary transforms into a fruit.
2. This process ensures reproduction and dispersal of flowering plants.

2.

1.

1. Introduction to Tissue Culture

1. Tissue culture is a technique of growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in a sterile and controlled environment.
2. It is a form of asexual reproduction and helps in the rapid multiplication of plants.
3. The process is based on the principle of totipotency, which means that a single cell can develop into a whole plant.
4. It is widely used in agriculture, horticulture, and genetic research.

2.

1. Introduction to Asexual Reproduction

1. Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which offspring are produced without the involvement of gametes.
2. It leads to the formation of genetically identical offspring (clones).
3. Vegetative propagation is a common method of asexual reproduction in plants.
4. It occurs through natural and artificial methods.

2.

1. Introduction to Biogeochemical Cycles

1. Biogeochemical cycles are natural processes that recycle essential elements between the environment and organisms.
2. These cycles maintain ecological balance and ensure the continuous supply of nutrients.
3. The major cycles include the Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle, and Water Cycle.

2.

1. Introduction to Conservation

1. Conservation of biodiversity is essential to protect species, ecosystems, and genetic resources.
2. It helps maintain ecological balance and ensures sustainability of natural resources.
3. Conservation methods are broadly classified into In-Situ Conservation and Ex-Situ Conservation.

2.

1. Introduction to Biodiversity

1. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
2. It is essential for maintaining ecosystem balance and providing ecological services.
3. Biodiversity exists at different levels, ranging from genetic variation to entire ecosystems.

2. Levels of Biodiversity

A.

1. Introduction to Environmental Conservation

1. Environmental conservation refers to protecting and preserving natural resources to maintain ecological balance.
2. It involves sustainable practices, pollution control, and restoring degraded ecosystems.
3. Plants play a crucial role in reducing pollution by purifying air, water, and soil.

2. Conservation Methods

A.